Description

SAMENTO
MICROBIAL DEFENSE

TO RESOLVE:

AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS
SUPPRESSED IMMUNE SYSTEM
MICROBIAL INFECTIONS
INFLAMMATION
DAMAGED DNA
NUMEROUS CHRONIC CONDITIONS
‍
General Description
Awareness is growing that the rainforests are one of the world’s greatest natural resources. Based on current knowledge, it is estimated that the rainforests contain 170,000 of the world’s 250,000 known plant species, and more are still being discovered. Continuing scientific studies are revealing many to be greatly beneficial for a broad number of medicinal uses.

As you will find in the study abstracts that follow, one of the most unique in its diversity and potential in medicinal applications is SAMENTO, also known as TOA-Free Cat’s Claw. SAMENTO is a rare chemotype of the medicinal plant commonly known as Cat’s Claw, Uncaria tomentosa.

Samento was approved as a medicine in Ecuador in 2004. Government officials have allowed 3 drug claims to be used: anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and immune system modulator. The Hungarian National Institute of Pharmacy (OGYI), the Hungarian equivalent of the FDA in the US, also approved SAMENTO in 2001 as paramedicament (OTC) pharmaceutical preparation as a “sole or adjunct therapy for rheumatoid diseases, arthritis, and locomotor conditions. It is also approved as a sole or adjunct therapy to enhance immune system function.”

Unlike traditional Cat’s Claw products, the SAMENTO chemotype does not contain Tetracyclic Oxindole Alkaloids (TOAs), a group of chemical antagonists that act upon the central nervous system and can greatly inhibit the positive effect of the Pentacyclic Oxindole Alkaloids (POAs). The POAs primarily affect the immune cells responsible for nonspecific and cellular immunity and demonstrate powerful immune system modulating properties. According to research conducted in Austria, traditional Cat’s Claw products may contain as much as 80% TOAs, and as little as 1% TOAs can cause a 30% reduction in the immune system modulating properties that POAs provide.

As a result of these phytochemical differences between SAMENTO and Cat’s Claw, SAMENTO can be safely used in a broader range of medical conditions. Cat’s Claw acts as an immune system stimulant making it contraindicated in patients with autoimmune disorders, whereas SAMENTO is an immune system modulator. For this reason, SAMENTO can be used to treat all autoimmune disorders.

TOA-Free Cat’s Claw (SAMENTO) and isolated POAs such as mitraphylline, isomytraphylline, isopteropodine, and pteropodine continue to show promising results as they have been studied. The studies below reveal the exciting potential for the use of SAMENTO in various applications.

Some Reported Medicinal Properties
ANTIBACTERIAL

ANTICANCEROUS

ANTIDEPRESSANT

ANTIFUNGAL

ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE

ANTILEUKEMIC

ANTIMUTAGENIC

ANTI-OXIDANT

ANTIPARASITIC

ANTIPARKINSONISM

ANTI-ULCEROUS

ANTIVIRAL

CYTOSTATIC

DEPURATIVE

DIURETIC

VERMIFUGE

Research On NutraMedix Product
IN VITRO – LYME DISEASE

Priyanka A.S. Theophilus M.S., Eva Sapi Ph.D. (2013). In Vitro Effect of Peruvian Antimicrobial Agents on Borrelia burgdorferi Full Article

Weiss, J. (2019). Herb–Drug Interaction Potential of Anti-Borreliae Effective Extracts from Uncaria tomentosa (Samento) and Otoba parvifolia (Banderol) Assessed In Vitro. Molecules, 24(1),137. Full Article

IN VITRO – ANTITUMOR EFFECT

I. Urdanibia, O. Estrada, P. Taylor (2007). The antitumor effect of Samento, pentacyclic chemotype of Uncaria tomentosa, is probably due to its anti-inflammatory activity. Full Article

IN VIVO – ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT

Establishment of the Potential Anti-inflammatory Effect of the product known as Samento. The study demonstrated that Samento had a marked anti-inflammatory effect and was 86% as effective as Feldene, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug also known as PIROXICAM. University of Guayaquil, Department of Chemical Sciences, Guayaquil, Ecuador (2005) Full Article

IN VIVO – LYME DISEASE

Pilot Study: Effective Treatment of Lyme Borreliosis with Pentacyclic Alkaloid Uncaria tomentosa(TOA-free Cat’s Claw), Dallas, Texas, 2003. Full Article

IN VIVO – NEURODYSTONIA

Clinical Study: Use of Samento in Patients with Neurodystonia, L. Kaitazki, MD, Medical Institution of Internal Government Affairs, Bulgaria (2003) (N/A). Full Article

IN VIVO – ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY TESTS

An acute oral toxicity study was conducted by the University of Guayaquil, Ecuador concluding that Samento did not produce toxic effects, thus the product is considered practically innocuous for humans when administered in the acute form. Therefore; studies of acute toxicity at higher doses in humans are not necessary. Full Article

LYME DISEASE

Datar, A. N., Kaur, N., Patel, S., Luecke, D. F., & Sapi, E. (2010). In Vitro Effectiveness of Samento and Banderol Herbal Extracts on Different Morphological Forms of Borrelia Burgdorferi (Doctoral dissertation, University of New Haven). Full Article

Medical Conditions [peer-reviewed journals]
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

Snow, A. D., Castillo, G. M., Nguyen, B. P., Choi, P. Y.,Cummings, J. A., Cam, J., … & Kirschner, D. A. (2019). The Amazon rainforest plant Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw) and its specific proanthocyanidin constituents are potent inhibitors and reducers of both brain plaques and tangles. Scientific Reports 9(1), 561.Full Article

ANXIETY

Bigliani, M. C., Rosso, M. C., Zunino, P. M., Baiardi, G., & Ponce,A. A. (2013). Anxiogenic-like effects ofUncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. aqueous extract in an elevated plus maze test inmice: a preliminary study. Natural product research, 27(18), 1682-1685. Full Article

‍BLADDER CANCER

Dietrich, F., Kaiser,S., Rockenbach, L., Figueiró, F., Bergamin, L. S., da Cunha, F. M., … &Battastini, A. M. O. (2014). Quinovicacid glycosides purified fraction from Uncaria tomentosa induces cell death byapoptosis in the T24 human bladder cancer cell line. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 67, 222-229. Full Article

BRAIN CANCER

Prado, E. G., Gimenez,M. G., De la Puerta Vázquez, R., Sánchez, J. E., & Rodriguez, M. S. (2007). Antiproliferative effects ofmitraphylline, a pentacyclic oxindole alkaloid of Uncaria tomentosa on humanglioma and neuroblastoma cell lines. Phytomedicine, 14(4),280-284. Full Article

BREAST CANCER

Baraya, Y. U. S. A. B.,Wong, K. K., & Yaacob, N. S. (2017). The immunomodulatory potential of selected bioactive plant-based compounds in breast cancer: a review. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents), 17(6), 770-783. Full Article

García Giménez, M. D., García Prado, E., Sáenz Rodríguez, M. T., Fernández Arche, M. D. L. Á., & Puerta Vázquez-Zafra, R. D. L. (2010). Cytotoxic effect of the pentacyclic oxindole alkaloid mitraphylline isolated from Uncaria tomentosa bark on human Ewing’s sarcoma and breast cancer cell lines. Planta Medica, 76, 133-136. Full Article

Riva, L., Coradini, D., Di, G. F., De, V. F., De, N. T., De, F. S., & Pizza, C. (2001). The antiproliferative effects of Uncaria tomentosa extracts and fractions on the growth of breast cancer cell line. Anticancer Research, 21(4A), 2457-2461. Full Article

Araújo, S., do Carmo, M., Farias, I. L., Gutierres, J., Dalmora, S. L.,Flores, N., … & Chitolina Schetinger, M. R. (2012). Uncaria tomentosa—adjuvant treatment for breast cancer: clinical trial. Evidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012. Full Article

CANCER

Yuan, X., Sun, H., Liu, Y., Shiroshita,T., Kawano, S., Takeshi, S., … & Zhang, Z. (2014). Anti-cancer activity comparisons of aqueous extracts from Inonotusobliquus, Cordyceps militaris and Uncaria tomentosa in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2(6). Full Article

Magalhães, L. B., Fonseca, F., Cubero, D., & Del Giglio, A.(2018). Phase II Pilot Clinical Study of the Use of Uncaria tomentosa(Cat’s Claw) Combined with Paullinia cupana (Guarana) for the Treatment of Symptoms in Terminal Cancer Patienna (Guarana) for the Treatment of Symptoms in Terminal Cancer Patients. Journal of Natural Remedies, 18(2), 55-62. Full Article

Gurrola-Díaz, C. M., García-López, P. M.,Gulewicz, K., Pilarski, R., & Dihlmann, S. (2011). Inhibitory mechanisms of two Uncaria tomentosa extracts affecting the Wnt-signaling pathway. Phytomedicine, 18(8-9), 683-690. Full Article

Finney-Brown, T. (2010). Anticancer effects of Uncaria tomentosa. Australian Journal of Medical Herbalism, 22(4), 150-151. Full Article

CYSTITIS

Dietrich, F., Martins,J. P., Kaiser, S., Silva, R. B. M., Rockenbach, L., Edelweiss, M. I. A., …& Battastini, A. M. O. (2015). The quinovic acid glycosides purified fraction from Uncaria tomentosa protects against hemorrhagic cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide in mice. PloS one, 10(7), e0131882. Full Article

DENGUE FEVER

Reis, S. R. I., Valente,L. M., Sampaio, A. L., Siani, A. C., Gandini, M., Azeredo, E. L., … &Kubelka, C. F. (2008). Immunomodulating and antiviral activities of Uncaria tomentosa on human monocytes infected with Dengue Virus-2. International Immunopharmacology,8(3), 468-476. Full Article

‍DENTURE STOMATITIS

Tay, L. Y., Dos Santos,F. A., & Jorge, J. H. (2015). Uncaria tomentosa gel against denture stomatitis: clinical report. Journal of Prosthodontics,24(7), 594-597. Full Article

ENDOMETRIOSIS

Neto, J. N., Coelho, T.M., Aguiar, G. C., Carvalho, L. R., de Araújo, A. G. P., Girão, M. J. B., & Schor, E. (2011). Experimental endometriosis reduction in rats treated with Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw)extract. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 154(2), 205-208. Full Article

HERPES

Caon, T., Kaiser, S.,Feltrin, C., de Carvalho, A., Sincero, T. C. M., Ortega, G. G., & Simões,C. M. O. (2014). Antimutagenic and antiherpetic activities of different preparations from Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 66, 30-35. Full Article

‍HYPERTENSION

Araujo, L. C., Feitosa, K.B., Murata, G. M., Furigo, I. C., Teixeira, S. A., Lucena, C. F., … & Bordin, S. (2018). Uncaria tomentosa improves insulin sensitivity and inflammation in experimental NAFLD. Scientific reports, 8(1), 11013. Full Article

Zhang, Q., Zhao, J. J., Xu,J., Feng, F., & Qu, W. (2015). Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Uncaria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 173, 48-80. Full Article

Hao, P. P., Jiang, F., Chen,Y. G., Yang, J., Zhang, K., Zhang, M. X., … & Zhang, Y. (2015). Traditional Chinese medication for cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 12(2), 115. Full Article

Ranilla, L. G., Kwon, Y.I., Apostolidis, E., & Shetty, K. (2010). Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibitory potential against key enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia and hypertension of commonly used medicinal plants, herbs and spices in Latin America. Bioresource technology, 101(12), 4676-4689. Full Article

IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASES (DIABETES)

Layanne C C Arauj, Isadora C Furig, Gilson M Murata, J Donato Jr, Silvana Bordin, Rui Curi & Carla R O Carvalho (2017). The insulin resistance induced by obesity is reversed by Uncaria tomentosa through modulation of inflammatory pathway in the liver of mice. Journal of Diabetes and medicine, 8(10). Full Article

Domingues, A., Sartori, A., Golim, M. A., Valente, L. M. M., da Rosa, L. C., Ishikawa, L. L. W., …& Viero, R. M. (2011). Prevention of experimental diabetes by Uncaria tomentosa extract: Th2 polarization, regulatory T cell preservation or both?. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 137(1), 635-642. Full Article

Yessoufou,A., Gbenou, J., Grissa, O., Hichami, A., Simonin, A. M., Tabka, Z., … & Khan, N. A. (2013). Anti-hyperglycemic effects of three medicinal plants in diabetic pregnancy: modulation of T cell proliferation. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 13(1), 77. Full Article

Araujo, L. C., Feitosa,K. B., Murata, G. M., Furigo, I. C., Teixeira, S. A., Lucena, C. F., … &Bordin, S. (2018). Uncaria tomentosa improves insulin sensitivity and inflammation in experimental NAFLD. Scientific reports, 8(1),11013. Full Article

Mahmoudian-Sani,M., Luther, T., Asadi-Samani, M., Saeedi-Boroujeni, A., & Gholamian, N.(2017). A new approach for treatment of type 1 diabetes: Phytotherapy and phytopharmacology of regulatory T cells. J Renal Inj Prev, 6(3),158-63. Full Article

Pane,Y. S., Ganie, R. A., Lindarto, D., & Lelo, A. (2018). The Effect of Gambier Extract on the Levels of Malondialdehyde, Superoxide Dismutase, and Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Asian J Pharm Clin Res,11(10), 121-124. Full Article

LEUKEMIA

Pilarski, R.,Poczekaj-Kostrzewska, M., Ciesiolka, D., Szyfter, K., & Gulewicz, K.(2007). Antiproliferative activity of various Uncaria tomentosa preparations on HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. Pharmacological reports,59(5), 565. Full Article

LISTERIA

Eberlin, S., dos Santos,L. M., & Queiroz, M. L. (2005). Uncaria tomentosa extract increases the number of myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow of mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes. International Immunopharmacology, 5(7-8), 1235-1246. Full Article

OSTEOARTHRITIS

Piscoya, J., Rodriguez,Z., Bustamante, S. A., Okuhama, N. N., Miller, M. J. S., & Sandoval, M.(2001). Efficacy and safety of freeze-dried cat’s claw in osteoarthritis of the knee: mechanisms of action of the species Uncaria guianensis. Inflammation Research, 50(9), 442-448. Full Article

Hardin,S. R. (2007). Cat’s claw: an Amazonian vine decreases inflammation in osteoarthritis. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 13(1), 25-28. Full Article

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Mur, E., Hartig, F.,Eibl, G., & Schirmer, M. (2002). Randomized double-blind trial of an extract from the pentacyclic alkaloid-chemotype of Uncaria tomentosa for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology,29(4), 678-681. Full Article

SKIN CANCER

Ciani, F., Tafuri, S.,Troiano, A., Cimmino, A., Fioretto, B. S., Guarino, A. M., … & Calabrò,V. (2018). Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of Uncaria tomentosa aqueous extract in squamous carcinoma cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 211, 285-294. Full Article

THYROID CANCER

Rinner, B., Li, Z. X.,Haas, H., Siegl, V., Sturm, S., Stuppner, H., & Pfragner, R. (2009). Antiproliferative and pro-apoptoticeffects of Uncaria tomentosa in human medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. Anticancer Research,29(11), 4519-4528. Full Article

TUMORS

Santos, K. F.,Gutierres, J. M., Pillat, M. M., Rissi, V. B., dos Santos Araújo, M. D. C.,Bertol, G., … & Morsch, V. M. (2016). Uncaria tomentosa extract alters the catabolism of adenine nucleotides and expressionof ecto-5′-nucleotidase/CD73 and P2X7 and A1 receptors in the MDA-MB-231cell line. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 194, 108-116. Full Article

dePaula, L. C. L., Fonseca, F., Perazzo, F., Cruz, F. M., Cubero, D., Trufelli,D. C., … & del Giglio, A. (2015). Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw) improves quality of life in patients with advanced solid tumors. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 21(1), 22-30. Full Article

Dreifuss, A. A., Bastos-Pereira, A. L., Ávila, T. V., da Silva Soley, B., Rivero, A. J.,Aguilar, J. L., & Acco, A. (2010). Antitumoral and antioxidant effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa) (Willd. Ex Roem. & Schult) in an in vivo carcinosarcoma model. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 130(1), 127-133. Full Article

Medicinal Properties [peer-reviewed journals]
ADJUNCTIVE TO CHEMOTHERAPY

Allen,L., Buckner, A., Buckner, C. A., Cano, P., & Lafrenie, R. M. (2017). Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC (Rubiaceae) sensitizes THP-1 cells to radiation-induced cell death. Pharmacognosy Research,9(3), 221. Full Article

Farias,I., do Carmo Araújo, M., Zimmermann, E. S., Dalmora, S. L., Benedetti, A. L.,Alvarez-Silva, M., … & Schetinger, M. R. C. (2011). Uncaria tomentosa stimulates the proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 137(1), 856-863. Full Article

Farias,I. L. G., Araújo, M. C. S., Farias, J. G., Rossato, L. V., Elsenbach, L. I.,Dalmora, S. L., … & Schetinger, M. R. C.(2012). Uncariatomentosa for reducing side effects caused by chemotherapy in CRC patients: clinical trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012. Full Article

ANTIBACTERIAL

Nowakowska,J., Bany, J., Zdanowska, D., Czubaj, A., Kuraś, M., & Skopińska-Różewska, E.(2009). Experimental Immunology: The effect of the bark water extract Uncaria tomentosa on the Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in mice. Central European Journal of Immunology, 34(3), 162-165. Full Article

Rodrigues, R. A., de Araujo, A. V., daCunha, R. M., & Carvalho, C. M. (2018). Antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi from the medicinal plant Uncfaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 12(15), 179-185. Full Article

ANTIFUNGAL

Moraes,R. C., Carvalho, A. R., Lana, A. J. D., Kaiser, S., Pippi, B., Fuentefria, A.M., & Ortega, G. G. (2017). In vitro synergism of a water insoluble fraction of Uncaria tomentosa combined with fluconazole and terbinafine against resistant non-Candida albicans isolates. Pharmaceutical biology, 55(1), 406-415. Full Article

Moraes,R. C., Dalla Lana, A. J., Kaiser, S., Carvalho, A. R., de Oliveira, L. F. S., Fuentefria, A. M., & Ortega, G. G. (2015). Antifungal activity of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC against resistant non-albicans Candida isolates. Industrial Crops and Products,69, 7-14. Full Article

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

Montserrat-dela Paz, S., Fernandez-Arche, A., de la Puerta, R., Quilez, A. M., Muriana, F.J., Garcia-Gimenez, M. D., & Bermudez, B. (2016). Mitraphylline inhibits lipopolysaccharide-mediated activation of primary human neutrophils. Phytomedicine, 23(2), 141-148. Full Article

Rojas-Duran,R., González-Aspajo, G., Ruiz-Martel, C., Bourdy, G., Doroteo-Ortega, V. H.,Alban-Castillo, J., … & Deharo, E. (2012). Anti-inflammatory activity of Mitraphylline isolated from Uncaria tomentosa bark. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 143(3),801-804. Full Article

Gonçalves,C., Dinis, T., & Batista, M. T. (2005). Antioxidant properties of proanthocyanidins of Uncaria tomentosa bark decoction: a mechanism for anti-inflammatory activity. Phytochemistry, 66(1), 89-98. Full Article

Allen-Hall,L., Cano, P., Arnason, J. T., Rojas, R., Lock, O., & Lafrenie, R. M.(2007). Treatment of THP-1 cells with Uncaria tomentosa extracts differentially regulates the expression if IL-1β and TNF-α. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 109(2), 312-317. Full Article

Aguilar, J. L., Rojas, P.,Marcelo, A., Plaza, A., Bauer, R., Reininger, E., … & Merfort, I. (2002). Anti-inflammatory activity of two different extracts of Uncaria tomentosa (Rubiaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 81(2), 271-276. Full Article

Sandoval, M., Okuhama, N. N.,Zhang, X. J., Condezo, L. A., Lao, J., Angeles, F. M., … & Miller, M. J.S. (2002). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis) are independent of their alkaloid content. Phytomedicine, 9(4),325-337. Full Article

Azevedo,B. C., Morel, L. J. F., Carmona, F., Cunha, T. M., Contini, S. H. T., Delprete, P. G., … & Borges, M. C. (2018). Aqueous extracts from Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC. reduce bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in a murine model of asthma. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 218, 76-89. Full Article

ANTIGENOTOXIC AND ANTIMUTAGENIC

Paniagua‐Pérez, R., Madrigal‐Bujaidar, E., Molina‐Jasso, D., Reyes‐Cadena, S., Álvarez‐González, I., Sánchez‐Chapul, L., & Pérez‐Gallaga, J. (2009). Antigenotoxic, antioxidant, and lymphocyte induction effects produced by pteropodine. Basic & clinical pharmacology& toxicology, 104(3), 222-227. Full Article

ANTIMICROBIAL

Herrera,D. R., Tay, L. Y., Rezende, E. C., Kozlowski Jr, V. A., & dos Santos, E. B.(2010). In vitro antimicrobial activity of phytotherapic Uncaria tomentosa against endodontic pathogens. Journal of oral science,52(3), 473-476. Full Article

Ccahuana-Vasquez, R. A., Santos, S. S. F. D., Koga-Ito, C.Y., & Jorge, A. O. C. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of Uncaria tomentosa against oralhuman pathogens. Brazilian oral research, 21(1), 46-50. Full Article

ANTINEOPLASTIC

Dreifuss,A. A., Bastos-Pereira, A. L., Fabossi, I. A., dos Reis Lívero, F. A., Stolf, A.M., de Souza, C. E. A., … & Teixeira, S. (2013). Uncaria tomentosa exerts extensive anti-neoplastic effects against the Walker-256 tumor by modulating oxidative stress and not by alkaloid activity. PLoS One, 8(2), e54618. Full Article

Rinner,B., Li, Z. X., Haas, H., Siegl, V., Sturm, S., Stuppner, H., & Pfragner, R.(2009). Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of Uncaria tomentosa in human medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. Anticancer research, 29(11), 4519-4528. Full Article

ANTIOXIDANT

Bukowska,B., Bors, M., Gulewicz, K., & Koter-Michalak, M. (2012). Uncaria tomentosa extracts protect human erythrocyte catalase against damage induced by 2, 4-D-Na and its metabolites. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(6), 2123-2127. Full Article

Amaral,S., Mira, L., Nogueira, J. M. F., da Silva, A. P., & Florêncio, M. H.(2009). Plant extracts with anti-inflammatory properties—A new approach for characterization of their bioactive compounds and establishment of structure-antioxidant activity relationships. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 17(5), 1876-1883. Full Article

Trejo‐Tapia, G., Sepúlveda‐Jiménez, G., Trejo‐Espino, J. L., Cerda‐García‐Rojas, C. M., De La Torre, M., Rodríguez‐Monroy, M., & Ramos‐Valdivia, A. C. (2007). Hydrodynamic stress induces monoterpenoid oxindole alkaloid accumulation by Uncaria tomentosa (Willd) DC cell suspension cultures via oxidative burst. Biotechnology and Bioengineering,98(1), 230-238. Full Article

Cisneros,F. J., Jayo, M., & Niedziela, L. (2005). An Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw) extract protects mice against ozone-induced lung inflammation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 96(3), 355-364. Full Article

Navarro-Hoyos, M., Alvarado-Corella, D.,Moreira-Gonzalez, I., Arnaez-Serrano, E., & Monagas-Juan, M. (2018). Polyphenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts from Uncaria tomentosa Bark and Leaves. Antioxidants, 7(5), 65. Full Article

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) SUPPORT

Kang,T. H., Matsumoto, K., Tohda, M., Murakami, Y., Takayama, H., Kitajima, M., …& Watanabe, H. (2002). Pteropodine and isopteropodine positively modulate the function of rat muscarinic M1 and 5-HT2 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocyte. European journal of pharmacology, 444(1-2), 39-45. Full Article

CYTOPROTECTIVE

Sandoval,M., Charbonnet, R. M., Okuhama, N. N., Roberts, J., Krenova, Z., Trentacosti,A. M., & Miller, M. J. (2000). Cat’s Claw inhibits TNFα production and scavenges free radicals: role in cytoprotection. Free Radical Biology and Medicine,29(1), 71-78. Full Article

IMMUNOMODULATING

Lozada-Requena,I., Núñez, C., Alvárez, Y., Kahn, L., & Aguilar, J. (2015). Lymphocyte subsets, dendritic cells and cytokine profiles in mice with melanoma treated with Uncaria tomentosa. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica, 32(4), 633-642.(Spanish). Full Article

Núñez,C., Lozada-Requena, I., Ysmodes, T., Zegarra, D., Saldaña, F., & Aguilar,J. (2015). Immunomodulation of Uncaria tomentosa over dendritic cells, il-12 and profile TH1/TH2/TH17 in breast cancer. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica, 32(4), 643-651. Full Article

Montserrat-DeLa Paz, S., De la Puerta, R., Fernandez-Arche, A., Quilez, A. M., Muriana, F.J. G., Garcia-Gimenez, M. D., & Bermudez, B. (2015). Pharmacological effects of mitraphylline from Uncaria tomentosa in primary human monocytes: skew toward M2 macrophages. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 170, 128-135. Full Article

Domingues,A., Sartori, A., Valente, L. M. M., Golim, M. A., Siani, A. C., & Viero, R.M. (2011). Uncaria tomentosa Aqueous‐ethanol Extract Triggers an Immunomodulation toward a Th2 Cytokine Profile. Phytotherapy Research, 25(8), 1229-1235. Full Article

Kang,T. H., Matsumoto, K., Tohda, M., Murakami, Y., Takayama, H., Kitajima, M., …& Watanabe, H. (2002). Pteropodine and isopteropodine positively modulate the function of rat muscarinic M1 and 5-HT2 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocyte. European Journal of Pharmacology,444(1-2), 39-45. Full Article

Karl-Heinz Reinhard (1999). Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) D.C.: Cat’s Claw, Una de Gato, or Saventaro. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, pp. 143-151 Full Article

PAINKILLER

Jürgensen, S., DalBó, S., Angers, P.,Santos, A. R. S., & Ribeiro-do-Valle, R. M. (2005). Involvement of 5-HT2 receptors in the antinociceptive effect of Uncaria tomentosa. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 81(3), 466-477. Full Article

Medical Conditions [other journals]
LYME DISEASE

Why this Finnish Doctor Believes in Herbs, Marjo Valonen MD, Townsend Letter, July 2018 Full Article

A Hidden Epidemic: Integrative Treatment of Lyme Disease, Scott Forsgren, March 2009 Full Article

Chronic Fatigue Often Misdiagnosed Lyme: Is Samento An Answer?, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, October 2004. Full Article

Samento: New Remedy for an Ancient Enemy—Lyme Disease, James South, Vitamin Research News, Vol. 18, Number 6, July 2004. Full Article

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Live Blood Analysis: Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Arthritis and Colon Cancer with Samento (2002), Professor Henk Oswald, M.D., Ph.D., Amsterdam, Netherlands. Full Article

VARIOUS MEDICAL CONDITIONS

Samento in the Primary Care Setting, John Kule, MD. British Naturopathic Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2002. Full Article

Why Samento Successfully Treats Over 100 Diseases, Atanas Tzonkov, Director of Lechitel Health Center, Lechitel Weekly, April 2002. Full Article